The Discourses are the recorded teachings of Epictetus, a former slave who became one of the most influential Stoic philosophers. His central insight — that we should focus only on what is within our control and accept everything else — has shaped thinkers from Marcus Aurelius to modern cognitive behavioral therapy.
What Are the Discourses About?
Epictetus was born into slavery, studied philosophy under the Stoic teacher Musonius Rufus, and after gaining his freedom, established a school in Nicopolis. His student Arrian recorded his lectures, which became the Discourses.
The core teaching is the dichotomy of control: some things are "up to us" (our judgments, desires, and actions) and some are not (our bodies, reputations, and circumstances). Freedom comes from focusing entirely on the first category and accepting the second with equanimity.
Epictetus applies this principle to every situation — insults, illness, death, exile, loss. His tone is direct, challenging, and often surprisingly funny. He doesn't just teach philosophy; he coaches his students in living it.
Why Classical Schools Teach It
The Discourses are studied in Great Books programs for their philosophical rigor and practical wisdom. At Saints Classical Academy, Epictetus enriches the rhetoric-stage study of ethics and character.
- Accessible, conversational style makes philosophy engaging for students
- Pairs with Marcus Aurelius and Aristotle's Ethics
- Develops critical thinking about free will, responsibility, and moral agency
- Connects ancient Stoicism to Christian virtues of patience and endurance